What process describes the recovery of ecosystems after disturbance such as agriculture?

The correct answer is secondary succession. This process specifically refers to the recovery of ecosystems that have been disturbed, such as after agricultural practices have altered the landscape. Secondary succession occurs in areas where soil and some organisms still remain, allowing for a relatively quick recovery of the ecosystem.

This process typically follows disturbances like farming, logging, or natural disasters (like wildfires), where the previous biological community has been removed but the soil is intact, enabling the reestablishment of plant and animal life.

In contrast, primary succession occurs in lifeless areas where soil has not yet formed, such as after a lava flow or glacial retreat. Environmental succession is not a standard term used in ecological studies, making it less relevant for this question. Negative succession does not refer to a recognized ecological process; instead, it's important to focus on the established concepts of primary and secondary succession.