In the ecological succession example provided, which species was the pioneer?

The pioneer species in ecological succession are the first organisms that colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems. Lichens are often recognized as prime examples of pioneer species because they are capable of thriving in harsh environments where other life forms might not be able to survive. They are hardy and resilient, able to grow on bare rock and help in the process of soil formation by breaking down the substrate and adding organic matter over time.

This foundational role is crucial, as lichens contribute to creating conditions suitable for other plants, such as grasses and flowering plants, to establish themselves later in the succession process. Therefore, identifying lichens as the pioneer species highlights their importance in initiating ecological recovery and setting the stage for subsequent stages of succession. Other options like grasses or flowering plants typically establish later in succession when conditions have improved or when soil has developed enough to support their growth.