Dominance occurs when an individual gains preferential access to which of the following resources?

The concept of dominance in ecology refers to the ability of an individual or a group to secure access to vital resources over others through competitive interactions. The correct answer highlights that dominant individuals earn preferential access to food, cover, and mates. These resources are crucial for survival and reproductive success in many species, especially in competitive environments.

Food availability directly affects the health and energy of an individual, enabling it to thrive and reproduce. Cover provides safety from predators and harsh environmental conditions, allowing individuals to maintain their fitness. Access to mates is essential for reproduction; thus, those who can secure mates will have a reproductive advantage.

In competition for these resources, dominant individuals often establish their social hierarchy, which allows them to monopolize access. This social structure can significantly influence population dynamics and community interactions.

Other options suggest different resources, such as land, temperature, water, and sunlight, which, while important, do not encapsulate the range of resources that define dominance in an ecological context as effectively as food, cover, and mates do.