Biological productivity includes which of the following aspects?

Biological productivity refers to the rate at which energy is produced and made available for consumption in an ecosystem, often measured through the creation of biomass by producers such as plants and phytoplankton. A key aspect of biological productivity is the generation of a greater volume of food production, which directly supports larger and more complex food webs. When productivity is high, it leads to an abundance of primary producers, which in turn supports a diverse array of herbivores and higher trophic levels. This cascading effect helps sustain various species and maintains the overall structure of the ecosystem.

In contrast, increased species diversity, improvement of water quality, and reduction of atmospheric gases, while related to ecosystem health and functionality, do not directly define the concept of biological productivity. Increased species diversity can result from high productivity, but it is not a measure of productivity itself. Improvement of water quality can be an outcome of healthy ecosystems but does not represent productivity. Similarly, the reduction of atmospheric gases pertains more to environmental processes rather than the biological productivity that focuses on the primary production of energy within ecosystems.